Seasonally high temperatures pose serious risks to workers, especially in physically demanding or outdoor environments. Without proper precautions and necessary breaks, heat-related illnesses can develop quickly and become dangerous. Understanding the warning signs and how to respond can protect workers and prevent emergencies.
Heat Stroke
Heat stroke is the most severe heat-related illness and is a life-threatening emergency. Symptoms include confusion, fainting, seizures, excessive sweating or red, hot, dry skin, and a very high body temperature. Call 911 right away if you believe an individual may be experiencing heat stroke. While waiting for emergency responders, move the worker to a cool, shaded area, loosen or remove outer clothing, and actively cool them by fanning air, applying cold packs to the armpits, and using cool water, ice packs, or compresses. If the worker is conscious, provide water and stay with them until help arrives.
Heat Exhaustion
Heat exhaustion is more common but can escalate if left untreated. Workers may experience cool, moist skin, heavy sweating, headache, dizziness, nausea or vomiting, weakness, irritability, thirst, and a rapid heartbeat. At the first sign, the worker should stop activity and rest in a cool, shaded area. Encourage them to drink plenty of water or other cool beverages and apply cold compresses or ice packs. If symptoms worsen or do not improve within 60 minutes, seek medical attention. Workers should not return to work for the remainder of the day.
Heat Cramps and Heat Rash
Heat cramps and heat rash can be common side effects of heat, but they’re also important warning signs of excessive heat exposure. Heat cramps involve painful muscle spasms, often in the abdomen, arms, or legs, typically caused by heavy sweating and loss of electrolytes. Workers should stop activity, rest in a cool area, hydrate, and wait several hours before returning to strenuous work, seeking medical attention if cramps persist. Heat rash, the mildest form of heat-related illness, appears as clusters of red bumps on the neck, upper chest, or skin folds and, while not usually dangerous, can cause discomfort and irritation; keeping the skin dry and working in cooler, less humid conditions can help relieve symptoms and prevent further issues.
Employers can reduce risks by encouraging frequent breaks, strategically planning outdoor work time during the morning hours, providing access to water and shaded or air-conditioned spaces, and training workers to recognize early symptoms. Proactive prevention is key to keeping workers safe in the heat.
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